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Table 4 Results of multilevel logistic regression

From: Wealth-based disparities in the prevalence of short birth interval in India: insights from NFHS-5

Variable

Odds Ratio

S. E.

p-value

95% CI

Lower CI

Upper CI

Age (in years)

     

15–24

12.01

0.36

< 0.001

11.32

12.75

25–34

2.92

0.07

< 0.001

2.79

3.05

35–49

ref

    

Age at marriage

     

Less than 20

ref

    

20–25

1.78

0.03

< 0.001

1.73

1.84

More than 25

3.17

0.11

< 0.001

2.97

3.39

Level of education

     

No education

ref

    

Primary

1.02

0.02

0.370

0.98

1.07

Secondary

1.05

0.02

0.010

1.01

1.10

Higher

0.99

0.03

0.849

0.93

1.06

Social Group

     

SC

1.18

0.03

< 0.001

1.13

1.24

ST

1.14

0.03

< 0.001

1.07

1.21

OBC

1.12

0.02

< 0.001

1.07

1.17

Others

ref

    

Religion

     

Hindu

ref

    

Muslim

1.07

0.03

0.008

1.02

1.12

Others

1.11

0.04

0.003

1.04

1.19

Wealth quintile

     

Poorest

1.97

0.07

< 0.001

1.85

2.11

Poorer

1.73

0.06

< 0.001

1.63

1.84

Middle

1.62

0.05

< 0.001

1.53

1.72

Richer

1.39

0.04

< 0.001

1.32

1.47

Richest

ref

    

Exposure to family planning messages

Yes

ref

    

No

1.05

0.02

0.008

1.01

1.09

No. of children before index child

1

ref

    

2 or more

1.54

0.02

< 0.001

1.49

1.59

Sex of previous child

     

Male

ref

    

Female

1.03

0.01

0.037

1.00

1.06

Desired number of sons

     

None

ref

    

1 or more

1.05

0.02

0.036

1.00

1.10

Survival status of last child

     

Alive

ref

    

Dead

2.35

0.08

< 0.001

2.21

2.51

Community level variable

     

Place of residence

     

Urban

ref

    

Rural

1.07

0.02

0.002

1.02

1.11

Level of poverty in PSU

     

Low

ref

    

Medium

1.06

0.03

0.014

1.01

1.11

High

1.08

0.03

0.004

1.03

1.14

Level of education in PSU

     

Low

1.18

0.04

< 0.001

1.10

1.27

Medium

1.14

0.04

< 0.001

1.07

1.22

High

ref

    

Proportion of women with exposure on family planning through mass media in PSU

     

Low

1.00

0.03

0.866

0.95

1.05

Medium

1.06

0.02

0.002

1.02

1.11

High

ref

    

District level variables

     

Region of residence

     

Northern

ref

    

Central

1.09

0.06

0.136

0.97

1.23

Eastern

0.67

0.04

< 0.001

0.59

0.76

Northeastern

0.44

0.03

< 0.001

0.38

0.50

Western

0.96

0.07

0.528

0.83

1.10

Southern

1.07

0.07

0.301

0.94

1.21

Random effects

     

Community (PSU) random variance

0.015

0.00

 

0.01

0.02

Community (PSU) VPC (%)

6.0

    

District random variance

0.212

0.01

 

0.19

0.24

District VPC (%)

6.0

    
  1. Note: S.E: Standard Error, CI: Confidence Interval, ref: Reference category, SC: Scheduled Caste, ST: Scheduled Tribe, OBC: Other Backward Classes, PSU: Primary Sampling Unit, and VPC: Variance Partition Coefficient
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