Table 3 Results of multivariable Cox regression with gamma frailty to account for heterogeneity by data source. The concordance index for this model was 0.740. The frailty variance was 0.854
From: The rural mortality penalty in U.S. hospital patients with COVID-19
Variable | Ln HR | HR | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Residence | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban | 0.000 | 1.000 | - |
 Rural | 0.128 | 1.137 | 1.51e-198 |
Comorbidities | Â | Â | Â |
 Congestive Heart Failure | 0.217 | 1.242 | 5.67e-109 |
 High Blood Pressure | -0.060 | 0.942 | 7.63e-16 |
 Pneumonia | 0.141 | 1.151 | 1.08e-28 |
 Cancer | 0.212 | 1.236 | 3.61e-104 |
Patient Condition | Â | Â | Â |
 Mean Arterial Pressure |  |  |  |
  (60,100) | 0.000 | 1.000 | - |
  (0,60) | 0.705 | 2.024 | 1.01e-193 |
  (100,300) | -0.256 | 0.774 | 3.48e-223 |
 ICU Admission | 0.792 | 2.208 | 0.00 |
 SpO2 | -0.029 | 0.971 | 0.00 |
 Respiration Rate |  |  |  |
  (12, 25) | 0.000 | 1.000 | - |
  (0, 12) | 0.197 | 1.218 | 1.13e-06 |
  (25, inf) | 0.621 | 1.861 | 0.00 |
 Pulse Rate | 0.008 | 1.008 | 0.00 |
Demographics | Â | Â | Â |
 SVI | 0.191 | 1.210 | 1.84e-45 |
 Sex |  |  |  |
  Female | 0.000 | 1.000 | - |
  Male | 0.262 | 1.300 | 1.75e-307 |
 Race |  |  |  |
  White | 0.000 | 1.000 | - |
  American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.090 | 1.094 | 1.73e-02 |
  Asian | 0.008 | 1.008 | 7.64e-01 |
  Black or African American | -0.075 | 0.928 | 2.04e-12 |
  Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0.044 | 1.045 | 5.24e-01 |
  Other | 0.069 | 1.071 | 3.66e-04 |
  Unspecified | 0.502 | 1.652 | 5.72e-119 |
 Age at Diagnosis | 0.043 | 1.044 | 0.00 |
Days from 3/1/2020 to Admission | -0.001 | 0.999 | 0.00 |