Table 2 Evaluation metrics of imputed data with varying missing proportions of various health indicators in comparison with complete data

4.205^a

1.509^a

1.201^a

0.406^a

0.366^a

4.082^a

2.323^a

1.500^a

0.485^a

0.300^a

13.531^a

2.453^a

1.099^a

0.819^a

0.346^a

7.930^a

4.361^a

3.574^a

3.817^a

0.466^a

20.691^a

7.944^a

5.204^a

4.489^b

1.577^a

13.587^a

15.328^b

13.324^c

4.165^b

3.728^b

39.886^b

17.341^b

11.897^c

5.007^b

5.276^c

46.129^b

22.143^c

15.310^c

8.586^c

5.697^c

72.885^c

29.888^c

17.796^c

11.712^c

7.385^c

2.961^a

1.049^a

0.785^a

0.342^a

0.263^a

3.006^a

1.538^a

1.053^a

0.395^a

0.228^a

5.768^a

1.743^a

0.770^a

0.507^a

0.229^a

4.311^a

1.990^a

1.326^a

1.206^a

0.298^a

7.231^a

2.653^a

2.041^a

1.559^a

0.499^a

6.755^a

6.055^a

4.980^b

1.638^a

1.581^a

17.243^a

9.157^b

5.511^b

2.285^a

2.526^b

29.143^b

12.672^b

8.752^b

5.033^b

3.291^b

58.671^c

20.224^c

13.267^c

10.131^c

5.217^c

0.248^a

0.149^a

0.003^a

− 0.097^a

− 0.016^a

0.279^a

0.295^a

0.023^a

0.002^a

− 0.016^a

3.074^b

0.059^a

− 0.054^a

− 0.026^a

− 0.048^a

− 1.358^a

0.254^a

0.439^a

− 0.719^b

− 0.018^a

− 4.113^b

− 1.228^a

0.216^a

− 0.527^b

0.262^a

− 1.476^a

− 2.048^a

− 3.492^c

− 0.780^b

− 0.357^b

− 1.268^a

− 1.408^a

− 0.350^a

0.546^b

− 1.065^c

7.686^c

− 2.493^a

− 2.081^b

− 1.242^c

0.100^a

− 4.823^b

− 8.249^c

1.137^a

− 0.570^b

− 0.203^a

0.968^a

1.002^a

0.992^a

1.005^a

1.010^a

1.005^a

1.056^a

0.984^a

1.014^a

0.995^a

0.984^a

1.023^a

0.994^a

1.003^a

0.989^a

0.977^a

0.953^a

0.965^a

0.901^a

1.004^a

0.886^a

0.928^a

0.955^a

0.864^a

0.978^a

0.981^a

0.774^a

0.690^b

0.912^a

0.838^a

0.698^a

0.743^a

0.710^b

0.849^a

0.664^b

0.613^b

0.565^b

0.514^c

0.495^c

0.590^b

0.002^c

0.208^c

0.338^c

0.018^c

0.299^c